'Karāhe' Hainamana Tawhito: He Rautau o te Arorangi Tātaritanga Anō i te Mātauranga, I te Tūatahi ka Taea e te Whare Ariki o Zhou te Hanga Karāhe

Mō te karāhe, e whakaponohia ana he maha ngā tāngata Hainamana e pouri ana, nā te mea kua roa pea a Īhipa o mua, Āhia ki te Hauāuru me Ūropi e hanga karāhe, engari ko Haina te āhua nei i hanga i ngā wā o te kingitanga Ming me Qing. Nā te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga o te karāhe, ka hangaia tonutia e ētahi kaituhi pukapuka mō ngā haerenga wā he tinihanga hei whiwhi moni mā te hanga karāhe i ngā wā onamata.

Heoi, kāore i te tino mōhiotia whānuitia kua whakaatuhia e ngā mahi keri whenua i roto i te rautau kua hipa, ehara i te mea ko Haina onamata anake te kaha ki te hanga karāhe, engari i te wā o te Zhou Dynasty anō hoki. I roto i a rātou, kei reira anō hoki Karāhe Mārama ngā hua i kitea i roto i ngā urupā o te iwi Cao Cao me te Temepara Famen i Shaanxi i te wā o te Tang Dynasty. Muri iho, me kōrero tātou mō te karāhe tawhito o Haina mā roto i ngā take whaipara tangata e toru. Kei roto i te karāhe tawhito te karāhe, engari ehara i te mea ko te karāhe anake te mea e pā ana.

Tuatahi, kua taea kē e te Zhou Dynasty te hanga karāhe.

Ehara i te mea ngaro te putanga mai o te karāhe, engari he hua o ngā tukanga uku me te whakarewa, e whakatikatikaina ana, e tukatukahia ana hei hua karāhe e rite ana. I roto i ēnei, ko te whakarewa he hua o te mahi uku.

Nā te mea he rauemi kore-āhua te karāhe, he hanganga pūmau, he rerekē tēnei i ngā rauemi tioata pērā i ngā kohatu utu nui me te jade. Nō reira, kāore i te tino mārama ngā whakaritenga pāmahana o te oumu, engari he āhua kirihou kei roto i tētahi awhe pāmahana. E whakapono ana ētahi o ngā kaiwhakamahi ipurangi ka taea e te Hauāuru te hanga karāhe, nō reira e kī ana ka taea e te pāmahana o te oumu te whakarewa i te rino poaka, he hē tēnā.

I te tīmatanga o te Whare Ariki o Xia, kua eke te pāmahana o te oumu ki te 1200 nekehanga Celsius, ā, ka taea te tahu i te porcelain taketake. I taua wā anō, i tino whanake te umanga uku i Haina onamata, ā, i tino whanake hoki te umanga parahi i te Whare Ariki o Shang. Nō reira, ehara i te mea onge te kaha o te iwi Hainamana onamata ki te hanga karāhe, ahakoa ko ngā hua karāhe tuatahi i kitea i ēnei rā i te wā o te Whare Ariki o Zhou. I roto i te pikitia i runga ake nei, kei Haina te hangarau whakarewa uku matatau, e pā ana ki te hoahoa oumu matatau, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i te pāmahana oumu whakamahana teitei me te ōrite.

Neke atu i te 100 ngā karāhe kanohi pepeke no te karāhe konupūmā konutai i keria mai i te urupā o Zeng Houyi i Suizhou, Hubei. Nō reira, he tokomaha ngā tohunga e whakapono ana i ahu mai te kanohi pepeke o Zeng Houyi i Āhia ki te Hauāuru. Engari i mua i ngā karāhe o Zeng Houyi, Haina kua whai karāhe kē, hei tauira, i whakauruhia te karāhe ki te anga hoari o Kingi Goujian o Yue, nō te karāhe konupūmā konupūmā motuhake o Haina onamata.

I muri i te wā o ngā Whenua Pakanga, i hangaia e Haina tētahi momo karāhe ahurei e kiia nei ko te karāhe silicate barium mata, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te "karāhe barium mata", e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i te ao whānui ko te pūnaha karāhe ahurei rawa atu i Haina onamata. I roto i ngā urupā Chu neke atu i te 110 i Changsha, Hunan, neke atu i te 130 ngā wahi o te jade kanapa, tae atu ki te cong, te mowhiti, te piripiri, me te ngongo, kua keria. I roto i aua urupā, he āhua mārama te jade kanapa, ā, he mea hanga ki te karāhe barium mata.

Nō reira, ehara te karāhe i te mea hanga o te Hauāuru, ā, ko Changsha tētahi o ngā rohe tuatahi ki te hanga karāhe. He rerekē rawa te karāhe mata barium i hangaia e rātou i te karāhe konupūmā konutai i te Hauāuru. I roto i ēnei, ko te take kāore a Haina i te karāhe konupūmā konutai he mea e pā ana ki te korenga o ngā rauemi mata konutai kāponāte taiao (pungarehu houra taiao) mō ngā kaihoko rere e pā ana, ā, he iti noa iho te pānga ki te hangarau.

Mai i te tau 1974 ki te tau 1977, i te Urupā o te Iwi Cao i Bozhou, Porowini o Anhui, i te tau 170 AD pea, i keria ai ētahi o ngā karaihe whakapūpū papatahi tuatahi o te ao, he mea hanga ki te karāhe horihori. Ko ētahi o ngā taha he waikura parahi, e tohu ana i te mea kua whakauruhia pea ēnei karaihe ki roto i ngā anga parahi.

Mō ēnei karāhe whatu e rima, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau e tika ana: tuatahi, he tino mārama, he iti noa ngā mirumiru i roto, ā, he tino pai ngā pānga whakanui me te arotahi, e tohu ana kua mōhio ngā tāngata o mua ki ngā tikanga hanga matatau me ētahi mātauranga whatu; Tuarua, e tohu ana te tuhinga rangahau a Li Can rāua ko Ma Yanru he rerekē te hanganga matū i te karāhe houra raima o te Hauāuru, ā, ko te hangarau tahu i ahu mai i te hangarau uku tawhito, e whakatau ana he mea hanga ki Haina.

I taua wā anō, i muri i te Rāhui Han ki te Rawhiti, ka rerekē anō te hanganga o te karāhe Hainamana. Kāore i te rongonui te karāhe silicate mata barium, engari i puta mai tētahi atu momo karāhe ahurei ki Haina, arā, te karāhe silicate mata teitei, i āta haere nei ka noho hei mea matua mō ngā mahi hanga-kāinga. Karāhe i Haina.

Tuatoru, ko te kapu karāhe o te Temepara o Famen i te wā o te Tang Dynasty

Kua tino pai ake te mārama me te kanapa o te karāhe silicate mata-teitei, ā, ka taea hoki te pupuhi. Nō reira, i muri i te wā o te kohikohinga hangarau, ka rongonui i te wā o ngā whānau Tang me Song, ā, ko ngā kapu karāhe o te Temepara o Famen tētahi o aua kapu.

I te tau 1987, i te Temepara o Famen i Fufeng, Baoji, Shaanxi, i keria he kapu tī karāhe me te paepae tī mai i te rūma o muri o tōna whare kingi i raro i te whenua. He mārama te kapu tī, he kakariki te tae, ā, he iti noa ngā mirumiru e horapa ana i runga i ngā pakitara. He maeneene, he hou hoki te āhua o ngā pakitara o roto, o waho hoki.

I roto i te whare kingi o raro whenua o te Temepara o Famen, e 20 ngā hua karāhe i keria, 18 o ēnei he momo Āhia ki te Hauāuru, engari ko ngā kapu tī me ngā paepae he mea motuhake ki Haina, ā, nō ngā hua karāhe i hangaia e Haina.

Ko te tuhinga "Kāore pea koe e mōhio he karāhe anō hoki i Haina onamata" i whakahuatia e te Global Network Finance and Science Popularization China e tohu ana he oko karāhe silicate mata nui tēnei, engari he tino waikura te karāhe silicate mata nui ki te whakarewa i ngā oko whakarewa. Nō muri mai, i whakamahia te waikura pāhare pākawa hei whakakapi i ētahi waikura mata hei hanga karāhe silicate mata pāhare pākawa, ā, "he rongonui ake tēnei momo karāhe mai i waenganui ki te mutunga o te Tang Dynasty ki te Song Dynasty."

I roto i ēnei, he nui ngā taonga karāhe a te Whare Ariki o Song, pērā i te kūaka karāhe, te tīti karepe karāhe, te taputapu āhua-toru, te taputapu āhua-hua manu, te pine makawe karāhe, me ngā pine makawe karāhe.

I te nuinga o te wā, i mua i te Yuan Dynasty, ehara i te mea ko ngā momo hua karāhe anake i taea e Haina te hanga, engari i whakawhanakehia hoki ētahi momo karāhe ahurei, kāore i iti iho i te Hauāuru whānui. I roto i te Pukapuka a Wei i tuhia ai ko ngā hua karāhe ā-rohe i taua wā he "kanapa ataahua atu i ērā o te Hauāuru". Ki te titiro tātou mai i te tirohanga hangarau me te whakamahinga auaha, e mārama ana kei te hipa a Haina i te Hauāuru. I muri i te Yuan Dynasty, i haere tonu te whanaketanga o te umanga hanga karāhe o Haina, engari i muri i te Huringa Ahumahi ka tino hinga ki muri i te Hauāuru.

Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea miharo ka taea te hanga karāhe i Haina onamata. Nā te mea, he tokomaha kua rongo i te "karahe tae". He momo karāhe tae te karāhe. Nō reira, ahakoa kāore he rangahau whaipara tangata, kua tuhia te tukanga hanga karāhe tae ki roto i ngā pukapuka onamata, ka taea e tātou te mōhio ka taea te hanga karāhe i Haina onamata. Engari ko te mea miharo ko te maha o te hunga e mahara ana kāore e taea te hanga karāhe i Haina onamata, ā, i muri i te taenga mai o ngā mihinare o te Hauāuru ka taea ai te hanga i Haina? He tino whakamataku tēnei pātai ki te whakaaroaro.