Ngā Taonga Karaehe o te Motu: Te Maioha me te Whakamārama Taipitopito o te Whare Taonga o te Kohinga Keria

Ko ngā oko karāhe tawhito katoa i keria mai i Haina e whakamahia ana hei tanumanga i roto i ngā kāwhena urupā, tae atu ki ngā ipu taonga tuku iho me ngā whakahere i roto i ngā taonga tuku iho a te hunga Buddhist pērā i ngā pagoda, ngā temepara, ngā whare kingi o raro whenua, ngā whare kingi rānei o te rangi. Mai i te taenga mai o te Buddhism, he hononga nui tōna ki te karāhe mai i te tīmatanga, ā, he tūranga motuhake tō te karāhe i roto i te Buddhism.

I keria he ipu karāhe mai i te reta kōhatu o te pagoda Buddhist o te raki o Wei i Dingzhou, Porowini o Hebei

Ko te kupu Sanskrit mō te "karaehe" he kōhatu kōhatu kikorangi, e pā ana ki te tae kikorangi hohonu o te kōhatu kōhatu. Pērā i te tae kikorangi o te rangi, he mārama te āhua, he mārama te mata me te roto, ā, he pai te āhua o roto me waho. Ko Medicine Buddha te Buddha o te Ao Karaehe Parakore o te Rawhiti. Ka whakamahia e te Buddhism te māramatanga o te māramatanga o te karāhe hei whakaahua i te pai o Buddha, nō reira e mōhiotia ana a Medicine Buddha ko te Eastern Medicine Buddha o te Mārama Karaehe Parakore.

waewae roa kakariki mārama o te whare rangatira o Tang Ngā Kapu Karāhe i keria mai i ngā Ana o Senmushem i Kuche, Xinjiang

Hei karakia, ko te tahuritanga ki te whakapono te mea tino taketake. Hei kukume i te aro o te hunga whakapono me te hora i te Dharma, he maha ngā wā ka whai ngā mōneka ki te auaha me te whakaputa mai i ngā whakaaro hou, ngā kawa, ngā hoahoanga, me ngā taonga tuku iho. Ki te noho ki te karāhe, he kino rawa atu te mate. Ko te Sheli i te tīmatanga he whakamaoritanga Sanskrit o ngā wheua wairua, o ngā toenga rānei o Buddha. E ai ki te "Book of Wei: Shi Lao Zhi" a te Northern Qi Dynasty, i muri i te matenga o Buddha, ka tahuna te rakau kakara, ā, ka whatiwhatihia ngā wheua wairua, ia wheua he iti noa iho. Kāore i pakaru i te wā i whiua ai, kāore hoki i tahuna, ā, tera pea he pānga atua kanapa. Ka karangatia rātou ko "Sheli" i roto i ngā kupu wairangi.

Ahakoa he taonga tuku iho o te tinana tūturu, he taonga whakakapi rānei, he taonga tuku iho nui ēnei, he taonga tapu hoki, ā, me penapena ēnei taonga tapu ki roto i ngā ipu tino utu nui. Ko ngā ipu taonga tuku iho i roto i ngā whare karakia Buddhist tawhito i Īnia me Āhia Waenganui i hangaia ki ngā rauemi pēnei i te uku, te rakau, te whakarewa, te kōhatu, me te karaihe. Heoi, i Haina, kua puta ake ngā ipu taonga tuku iho i hangaia ki te karāhe. E rua ngā take mō tēnei: ​​tuatahi, i ngā wā onamata, he onge, he utu nui te karāhe ki te koura; tuarua, he mārama te karāhe, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakapūmau, he tino pai mō te penapena me te whakaatu.

Ngā piriti karāhe i keria mai i ngā reta kōhatu o te pagoda Buddhist o te raki o Wei i Dingzhou, Porowini o Hebei

I tēnei wā, ko te turanga pourewa tawhito tuatahi i Haina ko te Northern Wei Buddhist Pagoda i Dingzhou, Hebei Province. I roto i te oneone kua pakaru o tēnei turanga pourewa, kei reira he kōpaki kohatu tapawhā me te taupoki o runga mai i te rima o ngā tau o Taihe (481 AD). I roto i te kōpaki, he maha ngā taonga utu nui i puritia e te whānau kingi o Northern Wei, tae atu ki ngā ipu karāhe e whitu me ngā mano tini o ngā taonga whakapaipai karāhe pērā i ngā paipa me ngā piripiri.

He pounamu karāhe matomato nō te Whare Ariki o Sui i keria mai i te turanga pourewa o te Temepara o Qingchan i Xi'an.

I keria mai i te turanga pourewa o te Temepara o Qingchan i Xi'an, i hangaia i te iwa o ngā tau o te kingitanga o Kaihuang o te Whare Ariki Sui (589 AD), he pounamu karāhe matomato, he kaki angiangi, he puku porowhita, he 8.4 henimita te teitei, ā, he 7 henimita te whānui. E whā ngā whakapaipai porowhita e pū ake ana i te puku, he 2.5 henimita te whānui, ā, e whā ngā whakapaipai tapatoru ōrite i te pakihiwi o te pounamu. Ko ēnei whakapaipai porowhita me te tapatoru katoa he mea hanga mā te huri i muri i te hanganga o te mea, nō te hangarau tukatuka matao karāhe. He mea tika te whakamahi i tēnei pounamu karāhe hei penapena i ngā taonga tuku iho.

I hangaia te turanga pourewa o te Temepara o Dayun i Jingchuan, Gansu i te tau tuatahi o Yanzai (694 AD). I roto i te pouaka kohatu taonga o te whare rangatira i raro i te whenua he pouaka parahi koura, kei roto he kāwhena hiriwa. I roto i te kāwhena hiriwa he pounamu karāhe ma iti, kei roto he 14 "taonga". He tino rite tēnei ki te tuhinga i roto i te "Tuhinga i runga i te Pouaka Kohatu Taonga o te Temepara o Dayun i Jingzhou": "Kātahi ka whakatuwheratia he rūma pereki, ā, ka riro mai he pouaka kohatu. Tekau mā whā ngā taonga i roto i te pounamu karāhe."

Ko te Kohinga o te Whare Taonga o Gansu o te Whare Tapu o Jingyuan Dayun me ngā Taonga o raro o te Whare Ariki, he Pounamu Karāhe.

Ngā taonga karaihe i keria mai i te whare kingi o raro whenua o te Temepara o Famen i Fufeng

E ai ki te pūrākau Buddhist, kia pai ake ai te hora i te Buddhist, i kohia e Kingi Ashoka e 84000 ngā taonga tuku iho mai i te kohinga a Kingi Ashikaga i roto i ngā ipu karāhe e 84000, ngā taupoki taonga e 84000, me ngā taonga karakara e 84000. I tono anō hoki ia i ngā wairua me ngā atua ki te hanga i ngā pagoda Buddhist e 84000 i te pō, ā, i whakatapu motuhake i ngā taonga tuku iho e 84000. I taua wā, e toru ngā tuakiri o te Temepara o Famen: te temepara o te whare rangatira, te temepara ā-motu, me te temepara rongonui. He wāhi tapu Buddhist i whakautehia e te whānau kingi o Tang. Mai i te wā o Tang Zhenguan, e whitu ngā mahi i tū hei manaaki me te tuku i ngā wheua Buddhist. I te tau 1987, i tāruatia te taonga tuku iho a Buddha o te Temepara o Famen, ā, e 17 ngā karāhe i keria, e whakaponohia ana ko ēnei katoa he taonga tuku iho nā te whānau kingi.

Ngā pounamu karāhe i keria mai i te Pagoda Ma o te Whare Ariki o Liao i Jixian, Tianjin

I te wā o te kingitanga o Song me Liao, i kaha ngā rangatira o te rohe me ngā mōneka rongonui ki te huri i ngā oko karāhe utu nui hei whakapaipai i ngā whare karakia me ngā temepara hei rapu i te pai. I keria mai i te reta kōhatu o Tiangong o te Whare Karakia o Chaoyang i te Porowini o Liaoning tētahi pounamu karāhe kōwhai mārama, he 16 henimita te teitei, ā, he āhua rite tonu ki tētahi manu e takoto puku ana, he 8.5 henimita te whānui o te puku. I whakapaipaihia te kaki o te pounamu ki te waea karāhe kikorangi, ā, i hangaia hoki te kī i te kakau ki te karāhe kikorangi. I whakauruhia ki te waha o te pounamu he taupoki pounamu koura mō te whaea me te tamaiti, ā, i reira anō hoki he kapu here karāhe kikorangi iti i roto i te pounamu. He āhua ahurei tēnei pounamu karāhe, ā, he pakitara karāhe tino angiangi, he māmā hoki. He oko karāhe Ihirama i hangaia mā te pupuhi. Hei oko patunga tapu, i hurihia tēnei taonga utu nui hei whakapaipai i te whare karakia Buddhist i te wā o te Emepara Chongxi o te Kuini Liao.

He pounamu karāhe i keria mai i te Pourewa o Chaoyang ki te Raki i te Porowini o Liaoning i te wā o te Hāhi o Liao.

I hangaia anō te turanga o te pourewa o te Temepara o Jingzhi i te Rohe o Ding, Porowini o Hebei i te tau tuarua o Taiping Xingguo i te wā o te Whare Ariki o Song ki te Raki (977 AD). Kei roto i ngā taonga tuku iho i keria ko ngā taonga tuku iho kua kohia, kua tukuna hoki hei taonga tuku iho mai i te tau tuarua o Xing'an i te Whare Ariki o Wei ki te Raki (453 AD), tae noa ki te tau tuarua o Daye i te Whare Ariki o Sui (606 AD), te tau tekau mā rua o Dazhong i te Whare Ariki o Tang (858 AD), me te tau tuarua o Taiping Xingguo i te Whare Ariki o Song (977 AD). I roto i ēnei, e 37 ngā oko karāhe. I hangaia te turanga o te Pourewa o Jingzhongyuan i te tau tuatahi o te kingitanga o Zhidao o te Whare Ariki o Song ki te Raki (995 AD), ā, e 34 ngā oko karāhe kei roto i te pouaka kōhatu o te whare kingi i raro i te whenua. Ko ēnei oko karāhe te kitenga whaipara tangata nui rawa atu o ngā mea tawhito. Karāhe Hainamanataonga

Ngā tuhituhinga i runga i ngā mea karāhe, i runga i ngā reta parahi Sui me te kōhatu Tang mai i te Temepara o Dingzhou Jingzhi

Ko te reta kōhatu o te Whare Ariki o Sui, te reta parahi koura, te reta kōhatu āhua taupoki, te peihana koura me te hiriwa koura, te pourewa koura me te hiriwa koura, me ngā pounamu karāhe e rua me ngā āhua kakariki me te mā i keria mai i te whare kingi o raro o te Whare Tapu o Jingzhi, he huinga ipu taonga kua whakarōpūhia, e rite ana ki te tuhinga "kua whakarārangihia ki runga, ki raro, e whitu ngā paparanga i roto, i waho" i runga i te reta parahi koura i te tau tuarua o Daye (606 AD). I te tau 12 o Dazhong (858 AD) o te Whare Ariki o Tang, i tuhia ki te tuhinga kōhatu "Rekoata o te tanumanga o te Tinana Pono i te Whare Tapu o Jingzhi i Dingzhou": "E whitu ngā taonga e takai ana i te pourewa hiriwa i roto i te reta reta koura, e rua ngā pounamu karāhe i roto, ā, e tupu ana ngā pounamu kakariki iti me ngā pounamu kakariki nui e rua." E whakaatu ana tēnei i ngā pounamu karāhe matua e rua i roto i ngā "paparanga e whitu i roto, i waho". Tae noa ki muri, he hua anō hoki nō te Whare Ariki o Sui.

He kapu ngongo karāhe tika mai i te wā o te Rōpū Sui i keria mai i te whare rangatira o raro o te pagoda Buddhist i te Temepara o Dingzhou Jingzhi.

I te mutunga o te "Record of the True Body", e kīia ana: "Ko te whare karakia kōhatu iti i roto i te whare karakia i tū tuatahi ki te Temepara o Tianyou, me ngā taonga tuku iho e rua me ngā pounamu rokiroki e whā: te karāhe, te koura, te hiriwa, me te ranu, i whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi reta tawhito i runga i te tihi o te whare karakia." Ko te pounamu karāhe o roto rawa he pounamu iti tapawhā mārama me te taupoki rēmana, e whakamahia ana hei ipu rokiroki para.

I keria ngā ipu karāhe o ngā taonga tuku iho o te Whare Ariki o Sui mai i te whare kingi o raro o te whare karakia Buddhist o te Temepara o Jingzhi.

Tērā pea he hua nō te Whare Ariki Sui tētahi atu pounamu karāhe. He kikorangi te tae o tēnei pounamu, he āhua mārama, he waha papai, he puku pupuhi. E 9 henimita te teitei, e 5.5 henimita te whānui, ā, ko te whānui mōrahi o te puku he 8 henimita. Takaia he muka karāhe ki te pakihiwi, ka takai ki ngā waewae.

He pāpa karāhe nō te Whare Ariki o Sui i keria mai i te whare rangatira o raro o te Temepara o Jingzhi, he Pagoda Buddhist.

I tuhituhi a Xiao Liang rāua ko Shen Yue o te Whare Ariki o te Tonga "Kei te hikoi mārama, kei te ataahua hoki ngā nūn Buddhist i roto i te Temepara Buddhist i te Whare Ariki o Qi o te Tonga": "Mai i te kapua, ka kite koe i a Maitreya me ngā Bodhisattva katoa. He koura katoa rātou, ā, he pōpī karāhe mārama kei roto i ō rātou ringaringa..." He taonga te pōpī karāhe i roto i ngā ringaringa o te Bodhisattva, ko te pōpī opium ia he pounamu he puku nui me te waha iti, koinei te āhua tuku iho o te Hainamana. Ko ngā taonga e puritia ana e te Bodhisattva i roto i ngā pakitara pakitara i roto i te Ana 225 o ngā Ana o Mogao o Dunhuang he rite te āhua ki ngā pounamu karāhe o te Whare Ariki o Sui i keria i roto i te whare kingi o raro o te Temepara o Jingzhi, arā, ko te pōpī karāhe mārama hei taonga.

Ngā pōpī karāhe e puritia ana e ngā bodhisattva whakairo i roto i te Ana 225 o ngā Ana o Mogao o Dunhuang

He hoki tētahi Peihana Karāhe, he kakariki āhua mārama, he papa kōpiko papai, he iti iho i te 0.15 henimita te matotoru o te pakitara, he 9 henimita te teitei, ā, he 15 henimita te whānui. He rite tonu te āhua o te peihana karāhe āhua rēmana e puritia ana e te Bodhisattva i roto i te Ana 328 o ngā Ana o Mogao.

He peihana karāhe lotus e puritia ana e Bodhisattva i roto i te Ana 328 o ngā Ana o Mogao

I te wā o te Whare Karakia o Song, he mea nui te pounamu karāhe kei roto te wai rōhi, e mōhiotia ana ko te hinu kakara, mō ngā taonga tuku iho a te hunga whakapono Buddhist. Ko ngā pounamu karāhe angiangi e toru i runga ake nei i keria mai i te whare kingi i raro i te whenua i te turanga o te pourewa o te Whare Wānanga o Jingzhi, he ipu karāhe katoa mō te penapena hinu kakara.

I keria mai tētahi pounamu karāhe whakairo o te wā o te Song Dynasty i te whare kingi o raro i te whare karakia Buddhist o te Temepara o Jingzhi.

Neke atu i te whā tekau ngā pounamu hue karāhe me ngā pounamu kaki iti i keria mai i ngā turanga o ngā whare kingi e rua i raro i te whenua, he maha ngā tae tae atu ki te kikorangi mārama, te kakariki mārama, te kōwhai parauri mārama, te parauri mārama, me te parauri pōuriuri. Ko ēnei hue karāhe katoa he hua nō te Whare Ariki o Song, e tohu ana kua tino whanake te umanga hanga karāhe ā-rohe i te Whare Ariki o Song ki te whakataurite ki ngā Whare Ariki o Sui me Tang, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakaputa hua karāhe o ngā tae rerekē me te mārama.
He ipu hue karāhe nō te wā o te Whare Ariki o Song i keria mai i te whare rangatira o raro o te Whare Tapu o Jingzhi Buddhist Pagoda.

Haunga ngā poroporo karāhe tino nui i roto i ngā oko Buddhist i te wā o ngā whānau Tang me Song, i whakamahia hoki ētahi hua me ētahi atu taputapu i hangaia ki te karāhe hei whakanui i a Buddha. Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana mārama me ngā tikanga o te karāhe i rite anō ki ngā whakaakoranga. E ono katoa ngā "hua" karāhe porowhita i keria mai i te stupa i Lintong, Shaanxi, e kiia nei ko "ngā hua Sutuohan" i roto i te kupu Buddhist. I whakatōkia ki roto i te stupa i te wā i keria ai; he maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā hua karāhe, ngā pereti karāhe, me ētahi atu i roto i ngā urupā tawhito hei taonga tanumanga, hei whakahere rānei.

He pereti karāhe kikorangi me ngā tauira whakairo e huna ana i te whare kingi o raro i te whenua o te Temepara o Famen

E ono ngā pereti karāhe kikorangi me ngā tauira whakairo i keria mai i te whare kingi o raro whenua o te Temepara o Famen, ā, he pai te tiaki i ēnei katoa, ā, he tino ataahua ngā tauira. Ka hangaia ngā tauira whakairo ki runga i te mata o te karāhe mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu mārō ake, pai ake hoki i te karāhe i muri i te hanganga, nō te hangarau karāhe tukatuka matao.

He pereti karaihe koura, kikorangi te tauira rau māpere, he 15.9 te whānui, he 2.1 te teitei, he 1.8 henimita te hōhonu, ā, 132 karamu te taumaha. He waha tika, he ngutu koi, he puku papaku, he papatahi te raro, ā, he paku pūkohu te pokapū. He kikorangi hohonu, he mārama. He mea whakapaipai te pokapū o te rihi ki ngā tauira rau māpere me te koura, ko te arai o waho he mea whakapaipai ki ngā ngaru wai me ngā rārangi whakarara, ā, he porowhita porowhita te wehewehe.

Temepara o Famen i raro i te whare rangatira, he tauira rau māpere kua peitahia ki te pereti karaihe kikorangi koura.

Ko tēnei pereti karāhe whakakikoruatia ki te koura e ahu mai ana i te tikanga whakairo karāhe, e whakanui ana i ngā tauira matua ki te koura kia kanapa ake ai te pereti karāhe ataahua. E ai ki ngā tuhinga o te rarangi taonga o raro i te whare kingi, ko ēnei pereti karāhe whakairo he whakahere nā te Emepara Xizong o te Whare Ariki o Tang, ā, i whakanohoia ki te whare kingi o raro i te whenua o Tibet i te marama o Hānuere o te 15 o ngā tau o Xiantong (874 AD).

E 20 katoa ngā oko karāhe i keria mai i te whare kingi o raro whenua o te Temepara o Famen, ā, kotahi anake te huinga kapu tī karāhe e rua me ngā ipu tī e rua i roto i aua oko karāhe, tera pea he oko karāhe mō te kāinga.

Kei te whare rangatira o raro whenua o te Temepara o Famen ngā kapu tī karāhe me ngā paepae tī.

He kōwhai mārama te kapu tī karāhe, he āhua kakariki, he mārama pai, he 12.7 te whānui, he 5.2 te teitei, he 4 henimita te hōhonutanga o te puku, ā, he 117 karamu te taumaha; he rite te tae o te paepae tī karāhe ki te tae o te peihana tī. He papatahi te raro o te tautoko hōhonu, he 13.7 te whānui o te kōpae, he 4.5 te whānui o te waewae, ā, he 3.8 henimita te teitei katoa, he 138 karamu te taumaha, ā, he mea hanga ēnei e rua mā te pupuhi kore-pokepokea.

Wehea te kapu tī karāhe me te paepae tī

Ko te tuhinga i runga i te "Teneti Kākahu" i keria mai i te whare kingi o raro whenua e kī ana i tēnei huinga kapu tī karāhe he "he takirua peihana tī karāhe Tuozi", he takoha anō hoki nā te Emepara Xizong o te Whare Ariki o Tang.

I te wā o ngā whānau Song me Liao, kāore te kooti e pupuri ana i te umanga hanga karāhe, ā, kua whanake hoki ngā awheawhe karāhe tūmataiti. Kua tino noa ngā hua karāhe kounga noa, engari ko ngā karāhe kawemai he uaua te mahi toi me ngā āhua ataahua i tino whakanuia e te ao. Ko ētahi taonga i whakamahia hei whakahere, ā, i kohia ki roto i ngā whare kingi o raro whenua.

Ko te Pirinihi Chen o te Whare Taonga o Mongolia o Roto me te kapu karāhe

I te whitu o ngā tau o Liao Kaitai i Naiman Banner, Inner Mongolia (1018 AD), e whitu ngā oko karāhe i keria mai i te urupā tanumanga o Pirinihi Chen rāua ko tana tāne. Ko tētahi o ngā kapu karāhe katoa me te kakau he 11.4 henimita te teitei, ko te whānui he 9 henimita, ā, ko te whānui o raro he 5.4 henimita. He parauri pouri, he mārama hoki, me te paparanga kua pakaru i te mata. He paku kati te waha, he porotaka te whānui, he pupuhi ngā pakihiwi, he tino hoki whakamuri te puku, ā, ko ngā waewae mowhiti rūpahu e hono ana ki te kakau porowhita papatahi i te waha me ngā pakihiwi. He kī porowhita te āhua keke i te pito o runga o te kakau, he mea pea he oko karāhe i hangaia i te rautau 10 i te papa whenua o Īrāna.

He pounamu karāhe me te tauira whao miraka i runga i te urupā o Pirinihi Chen o te Whare Ariki o Liao.

Kei reira anō hoki tētahi pounamu karāhe kua whakahoutia me ngā tauira nipple, e 17 henimita te teitei, he 6 te karāhe, he 9.5 te whānui o te puku, ā, he 8.7 henimita te whānui o raro. Kāore he tae, he mārama hoki, he roa te kaki me te puku pupuhi, he āhua rite ki te tauera. He waewae porowhita teitei tōna, ā, e rima ngā rarangi o ngā tauira nipple iti kua whakapaipaihia ki te pakitara o te puku. Ko te mea tino miharo ko te kakau o te pounamu he mea hanga ki te 10 paparanga o ngā rīpene karāhe tuwhera, e hiahia ana ngā kaimahi karāhe kia mārama katoa ki te wā e huri ai te karāhe rewa wera mai i te ngohengohe ki te mārō i te wā whakamatao, ā, kia āta whakarārangihia ki ngā tikanga matatau hei whakaoti i te tukanga uaua. Ko tēnei pounamu karāhe tauira whao miraka he hua karāhe pea nō Ihipa, nō Hiria rānei.

I roto i ngā oko karāhe i keria mai i te urupā o te Pirinihi Chen o te Whare Ariki o Liao, kei reira tētahi pereti karāhe whakairo, he 25.5 henimita te whānui, he 10 henimita te whānui o raro, ā, he 6.8 henimita te teitei. He kore tae, he mārama hoki, he paparanga tawhito kei runga, he ngutu porowhita tuwhera, he mowhiti puku piko, me ngā waewae. Kua whakapaipaihia te pakitara o te puku ki ngā piramita tapawhā iti e 28 i whakakanapahia ā-ringa ki te wira huri. He ataahua te āhua o tēnei rihi karāhe whakairo, ā, he tino mahi toi. Tērā pea he hua nō te Emepaea Byzantine i te rautau 10 me te 11, ā, he taonga karāhe ahurei i te ao e mau tonu ana!

He pereti karāhe whakairo mai i te urupā o Pirinihi Chen o te Whare Ariki o Liao

Nō te Emepaea Byzantine me te ao Ihirama ngā oko karāhe i roto i te urupā o te Pirinihi Chen o te Whare Ariki o Liao, e tohu ana ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenganui i a Liao me te Hauāuru he mea kei tua atu i te whakaaro o te tangata noa.

Mā te roa o te wā e noho ana ki te hau, ki te rokiroki rānei i raro i te whenua mō te wā roa, ka ngāwari te hua o tētahi paparanga matotoru o te huarere ki runga i te mata o ngā mea karāhe, ka ngaro ai ō rātou āhua mārama. Nō reira, ehara te karāhe tawhito e kitea ana i ēnei rā i tōna āhua taketake.

He kapu karāhe kikorangi mātotoru waewae teitei mai i te urupā o Liao i Maunga Tuerji, Mongolia o Roto